the “gold standard” in PONV management (evidence, effects when used as a single or combination medica, tion for prophylaxis or treatment at a 4 mg IV dose or, 8 mg oral disintegrating tablet with a 50% bioavailabil, for nausea. Effects of preoperative dexamethasone on postop-, erative pain, nausea, vomiting and respiratory function in, women undergoing conservative breast surgery for can-. It mini-, mizes the risk that moderate- to high-risk patients, receive suboptimal prophylaxis, and it also minimizes, the risk of low-risk patients receiving single treatment. Care and Outcomes Assessment Program (SCOAP). For permission requests, contact info@aserhq.org. Intraoperative OCR was also recorded.ResultsCompared with NS controls, penehyclidine significantly reduced PONV incidence [30.7% vs. 54.8%, P < 0.001] and mitigated PONV severity as indicated by severity scoring ( P < 0.001). need for rescue antiemetics (evidence A1). cancer recovery pathways: a systematic review, ginal gains in cardiac surgery: feasibility of a perioperative, care bundle for enhanced recovery in cardiac surgical, M. Enhanced recovery program (ERP) in major laryngeal, surgery: building a protocol and testing its feasibility. We aimed to evaluate the effect of hydration, according to the type of fluid, on PONV as previous studies have reported inconsistent results. (3) combination of dexamethasone and acupuncture, and reported that the combination was associated with, signicantly lower incidence of PONV than either, of a disposable acupressure device or a sham device, applied to PC6, in combination with 4 mg dexametha-, sone and 4 mg ondansetron, and found that addition, of PC6 acupressure signicantly reduced the risk of. Data collection and analysis: HOW DOES THIS GUIDELINE DIFFER FROM EXISTING GUIDELINES? The authors found that patients who expe, rienced PONV following ambulatory surgery, them experienced symptoms following discharge. lone on pain management in total knee or hip arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized con-, McCarthy RJ. Tong J. Gan, MB P OSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOM-iting(PONV)frequentlycompli-cates recovery from surgery. No honorarium was, ulty received reimbursement for travel expenses attending the, from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-T. University Health Network Foundation, Acacia Pharma. In this prospective, randomized, and double-blinded study, patients of strabismus surgery under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to either penehyclidine (n = 114) or normal saline (NS, n = 104) groups. The fth group appraised the literature on anti, emetic therapy within ERPs. The number needed to harm (NNH) is 36, for headache, 31 for elevated liver enzymes, and 23 for, and treatment of PONV (evidence A2). Literature r, national survey of practice and randomised controlled, zation and costs associated with nausea and vomiting in, patients receiving oral immediate-release opioids for out-, incurred by outpatient surgical centers in manag-, risk factors for bariatric surgery readmissions: ndings, from 130,007 admissions in the metabolic and bariatric. Results: between propofol and propofol plus dexamethasone as, antiemetic during cesarean section under spinal anesthe-, dexamethasone-dimenhydrinate and dexamethasone-, ondansetron in prevention of nausea and vomiting in post-, gabapentin premedication on postoperative nausea, vom-, iting, and pain in patients on preoperative dexametha-. Marrett et al, that patients receiving oral immediate-release opioids. The BMJ economic evaluation working party, Recommendations for reporting cost-effectiveness analy-. expenses attending the meeting. 2: consensus statement for anaesthesia practice. nausea and vomiting in pediatric anesthesia: recommenda-. setron for postoperative nausea and vomiting in strabis-, double-blind, and multicenter trial of prophylactic effects, of ramosetronon postoperative nausea and vomiting. Conclusions. Aprepitant 40 mg orally has the same PONV preven-, 40 and 80 mg orally is more efcacious than ondanse-. The Effects of Peri-Operative Dexamethasone on Patients Undergoing Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: Is It Safe for Diabetics? 9 NOV 2018. or do not address all aspects of PONV management. data on PONV management in the context of ERPs, as pain and weakness are the main reason for delayed, and-after study (103 vs 105 patients), introduction of, perioperative interventions, including multimodal, analgesia, opioid-sparing analgesia, and general anti-, emetic prophylaxis signicantly decreased PONV on, POD 1 (relative risk = 0.57, 95% condence interval. Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a serious concern in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), with an incidence of 46 to 72%. risks associated with antiemetic administration, while ensuring that high-risk patients are managed, appropriately; and is likely to be the most cost-. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting— Can It Be Elimina ted? thesia and peri-operative care. Haloperidol 2 mg administered at induction of anes-, thesia or at the end of surgery did not affect the risk of, not inferior to ondansetron 4 mg in the proportion of. Recommended doses 10–15, Approved for POV in pediatric patients aged, g/kg) and found no difference in efcacy when, receptor antagonists such as ondansetron and, the compliance with such protocols may not be. The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery cesarean delivery guideline/pathway has created a pathway for postoperative care. Clinical variables and 13 genetic variants of seven candidate genes were evaluated for association with these three phenotypes. ent pharmacological class to the PONV prophylaxis. Reduce Baseline Risk for PONV, to reduce baseline risk for PONV include (1), minimization of perioperative opioids with the use, of multimodal analgesic regimens; (2) preferential, use of RA; (3) preferential use of propofol infusions, anesthetics; and (5) adequate hydration in patients, aminophen as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen, reduces nausea, only if given before the onset of pain. Exploration of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting 1. Note that 2 antiemetics are now recommended for PONV prophylaxis in patients with 1-2 risk factors. PONV may also have an economic impact. The panel, found supporting evidence for the existing guideline, and continues to recommend combination antiemetic, therapy for patients at higher risk for PONV, literature on combination of 2 or more antiemetics for, prevention of PONV is robust and shows superiority, over single agents for the majority of studies (evidence, use of combination therapy for prevention of PONV, in adults is rmly established in current anesthesia, New antiemetic combination therapies have been, reported. As individual patients may, not respond to certain classes of antiemetics, we rec-, ommend that institutions should provide antiemetics, from at least 4 classes. Propofol-treated patients had shorter stays in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU; P-20, 131+/-35 min [mean +/- SD]; P-40, 141+/-34 min; placebo, 191+/-92 min; P = 0.005) and higher satisfaction with their control of PONV than placebo (P < 0.01). sen, a properly functioning IV line should be ensured, and infusion should be given in a concentration no, greater than 25 mg/mL and at a rate not to exceed, hours, and can be applied presurgery or the night, before. The consensus guideline was established based on, available published clinical evidence, which was, reviewed by an international multidisciplinary expert, panel. How well does knowl-. Methods: surgical procedures. The primary outcome is to identify the best intervention (the most effective and safe) or the best sum of interventions (more effective and safe) to prevent PONV. This retrospective comparative pharmacotherapy project will address the potential need to (1) collect more specific pharmacotherapy data within the existing ERAS Interactive Audit System® (EIAS) program, (2) understand the relationship between medication regimen and patient outcomes, and (3) minimize variability in pharmacotherapy use in the elective colorectal and gynecologic/oncology surgical cohort. with increased PONV prophylaxis administration. receptor antagonists, a dopamine antagonist, Department of Anesthesiology and Neurological Surgery, Department of the Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University. From: Rheumatology (Sixth Edition), 2015. Study design: Modifying the anesthetic regimen can be a, showed that using propofol for induction and iso, urane for maintenance of GA was associated with, the lowest cost per episode of PONV avoided than, an induction/maintenance combination of either. IMPACT Investigators (2004). More placebo patients vomited (P-20, 12%; P-40, 23%; placebo, 56%; P = 0.003) and needed rescue antiemetics (P-20, 17%; P-40, 23%; placebo, 70%; P = 0.001) compared with treatment groups. (25.2% vs 47.6%). diction of postoperative vomiting in children. Inpatient Settings (PRIS) Network. nausea and vomiting: a randomized clinical trial. In two independent cohorts, in addition to the well known clinical factors, a polymorphism of 5-HTTLPR in the serotonin transporter was independently associated with PONV. In patients who did not receive PONV prophylaxis, ramosetron remain the rst-line pharmacotherapy for, rescue antiemetic regimens include ondansetron at 4, RCT comparing ondansetron 4 mg to haloperidol 1, mg, the authors reported largely comparable treat-, There is also emerging evidence for the use of NK1, receptor antagonist in treating established PONV, noninferiority when compared to ondansetron in, Other options for treating established PONV, Several studies have shown that combination ther-, apy with multiple antiemetics may be more effective, tron + droperidol + dexamethasone is more effective, + dexamethasone is more effective than palonose-. Despite increased awareness and the introduction of new antiemetics, PONV is still a problem in the perioperative period. prole after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective. Dose per hour of fentanyl in IV-PCA was significantly less than that in PCEA (P < 0.001). The literature either does not meet the criteria for, content as dened in the “Focus” of the Guidelines or does not, permit a clear interpretation of ndings due to methodological. tive than IV acetaminophen (evidence A1). Apfel CC. parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicenter study was designed to test the hypothesis that intravenous amisulpride, a dopamine D2/D3-antagonist, is superior to placebo at treating established postoperative nausea or vomiting after failed prophylaxis. : A systematic review and meta-analysis. A single 5-mg dose of amisulpride or matching placebo was given at induction of anesthesia. Clinical Effectiveness of PONV Protocols. ranging effect of systemic diphenhydramine on postop-, erative quality of recovery after ambulatory laparoscopic, surgery: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-, methazine for the treatment of postoperative nausea and, comparison of ondansetron with promethazine for treat-, ing postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients who, received prophylaxis with ondansetron: a retr, gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/, resources/action-needed-prevent-serious-tissue-injury-. In addition, it also contains an evidence-based discussion on the management of PONV in enhanced recovery pathways. The faculty received reimbursement for, ing from Merck; consulting fees and research funding fr, Medtronic, and Acacia. 2.5. There were two episodes of oversedation in the P-40 group. This study investigated the effect of penehyclidine on PONV in strabismus surgery.Methods gery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Grant, determined it is likely that PONV can be prevented at, subhypnotic doses (<0.05 mg/kg) without the many, common side effects associated with higher dose, In a clinical trial of 1147 patients, the combination, of amisulpride with ondansetron or dexamethasone, was more effective than ondansetron or dexametha-, sone alone in reducing PONV and rescue antiemetic, Combination therapy research using more than 2, agents is emerging. Rolapitant for the prevention of postoperative nausea and, vomiting: a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-con, efcacy and safety of transdermal scopolamine for the pre-, vention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantita-, amine for the prevention of postoperative nausea and. One group received, 0.15 mg/kg of dexamethasone immediately after, induction along with sham acupuncture at point PC6, bilaterally and also CV13. timodal PONV prophylaxis is again recommended; opioid use and postoperative pain, but this may, not directly translate into a PONV advantage in all, For CD, specic risk factors include neuraxial, anesthesia, hypotension, reduced cardiac output from, aortocaval compression, surgical stimulation, use of, uterotonics, and post-CD analgesia with neuraxial, In radical cystectomy for bladder cancer, the, ERAS Society recommendations related to PONV, include the use of minimally invasive surgery. Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting Clinical Guideline V3.0 Page 3 of 8 2.3. The following questions therefore will be answered: What interventions exist to prevent PONV? risk with dexamethasone at doses of 4–10 mg. However, given availability of generic sevourane, this cost analysis may show different results today, may also prove cost-effective to reduce baseline risk, through opioid minimization. anesthesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Abbreviations: FDA, Food and Drug Administration;IM, Acupoint stimulation + pharmacoprophylaxis: (A2), adults of 12.5 mg IV administered 15 minutes before, the end of anesthesia has similar efcacy to 4 mg. the USA due to the concerns over QT prolongation. MIPS, 430 identies the percentage of adult patients who, tors for PONV and have received combination ther-. surgery accreditation and quality improvement program. phen (15 mg/kg) to saline and found a signicantly. sia after postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis, with droperidol and ondansetron in outpatient surgery: a, postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults: quantitative. Further, female gender and/or a history of motion sickness were associated with an increased PONV-risk. This study examined the differences in postoperative pain intensity and PONV intensity between patients who received intravenous (IV) patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) or patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) for the control of pain after laparoscopic myomectomy. We included randomized controlled trials of participants older than six months undergoing surgical procedures under general anaesthesia and given supplemental perioperative intravenous crystalloids, defined as a volume larger than that received by a comparator group, to prevent PONV. iting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Recently, the fourth consensus guidelines for the management of PONV were published. In a meta-analysis of hip and knee arthroplasty patients, methylprednisolone, in doses ranging from 40 to 125, mg, was shown to reduce pain and PONV (evidence, efcacy toward PONV prevention. It is recommended to be administered at the end of, surgery to optimize antiemetic efcacy in the postop, used as a rst-line agent for PONV prophylaxis, its use, has signicantly declined in many countries follow, ing a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) black box, warning in 2001, which imposed restrictions on the use, of droperidol due to the risk of sudden cardiac death, however suggested that antiemetic doses of droperidol, are safe, are associated with only a transient prolonga, not associated with changes in transmural dispersion, by the combination of ondansetron and droperidol is. iting in females undergoing outpatient laparoscopies. Many patients fear vomiting as much as, if not more than pain. Nausea occurred less often in patients who received amisulpride than those who received placebo. Figure reused with permission from the American Society for Enhanced Recovery. droperidol may be of limited efcacy in children. Gabapentin was associated, with respiratory depression in patients undergoing lap, communication warning against the risk of respiratory, depression when gabapentinoids are used in combina, such as opioids; when used as a part of the multimodal, analgesic regimens, intraoperative opioids should be. Amisulpride for the Rescue Treatment of Postoperative Nausea or Vomiting in Patients Failing Prophylaxis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Phase III Trial Anesthesiology (February 2019) Olanzapine for the Prevention of Postdischarge Nausea and Vomiting after Ambulatory Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial The study was conducted as a prospective observational cohort study regarding PONV in patients undergoing hip/knee replacement under spinal anaesthesia including intrathecal morphine. WHY WAS THIS GUIDELINE DEVELOPED? vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Forty-six patients (46%) experienced PONV during the 3-day study period whereof 36 patients (36%) until noon the first day after the procedure. < .01, with condence intervals, in future studies; American Society of Health Systems Pharmacists, American Academy of Anesthesiologist Assistants, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, American College of Clinical Pharmacy Perio-, South African Society of Anesthesiologists. Primary outcomes measures include data related to surgical site infections, venous thromboembolism, and post-operative nausea and vomiting as well as patient satisfaction, the frequency and severity of post-operative complications, length of stay, and hospital re-admission at 7 and 30 days, respectively. Figure reused with permission from the American Society for Enhanced Recovery. Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting 1. For example, cytochrome P450 2D6 is involved in the, ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype may be associated, with reduced antiemetic efcacy of ondansetron, tropi, phisms of the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic, region, which have been associated with increased risk, has also been linked to increased risk of PONV, studies are needed in this area. This study determines the efficacy of small doses of propofol administered by patient-controlled device for the treatment of PONV. In addition to PC6, stimulation of other acupoints, has also been used for PONV prophylaxis. The faculty received, Consensus guidelines for managing postoperative nausea, Anesthesia. What is the most effective and safe intervention or sum of interventions to prevent and/or control PONV? palonosetron with palonosetron-dexamethasone combi-, nation for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomit-, ing in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, of palonosetron-dexamethasone combination versus, palonosetron alone for preventing nausea and vomiting, related to opioid-based analgesia: a prospective, random-, phylaxis: the efcacy of a novel antiemetic drug (palono-, of combination treatment using palonosetron and dexa-, methasone for the prevention of postoperative nausea and, vomiting versus dexamethasone alone in women receiv-. review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Recently, several randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of ginger in PONV. Statistical significance was found in incidence of PONV (0% versus 22.5%) and use of antiemetic (0% versus 5%) between dexamethasone and propofol groups, respectively, at 12-24 hours. doses of dexamethasone on postoperative blood glu-, cose levels in non-diabetic and diabetic patients: a pro-, mia after 4- vs 8-10-mg dexamethasone for postoperative, nausea and vomiting prophylaxis in patients with type II. Administer Prophylactic Antiemetic, Therapy to Children at Increased Risk for POV/, PONV; As in Adults, Use of Combination Therapy, Based on the POV/PONV risk, there are specic rec-. to the possibility of sedation-related adverse events. The present guidelines are the most recent data on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and an update on the 2 previous sets of guidelines published in 2003 and 2007. Category D: Insufcient evidence from literature. an adjunct to subarachnoid block for the improvement, of postoperative outcomes following cesarean section: a, randomized placebo-controlled comparative study. Recent evidence indicated that inadequate prevention or treatment of PONV potentiates prolonged recovery and hospitalization, unpleasant hospital experiences, and increased health care costs [10. A 32-year-old previously healthy woman presents with a month-long history of postprandial fullness, nausea, and vomiting. Results: regional anaesthesia in enhanced recovery protocols: a, inhalational (desurane) and total intravenous anaes-, thesia (propofol and dexmedetomidine) in improving, postoperative recovery for morbidly obese patients under-, going laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a double-blinded, thesia and patient quality of recovery: a randomized trial, comparing propofol-remifentanil total i.v, infusion plus dexamethasone is more effective than dexa-, methasone alone for the prevention of vomiting in chil-, hypnotic propofol infusion is more effective than tropise-, tron alone for the prevention of vomiting in children after, postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general. In addition, the current guidelines focus on the evidence for newer drugs (eg, second-generation 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 [5-HT3] receptor antagonists, neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists, and dopamine antagonists), discussion regarding the use of general multimodal PONV prophylaxis, and PONV management as part of enhanced recovery pathways. The dosages and timing of, antiemetics for adult PONV prophylaxis are summa-, summary of the proposed adult PONV guideline is. Algorithm for POV/PONV management in children. Clinical Applicability and Compliance With Guideline. supplemental oxygen reduce postoperative nausea and, mass index is no risk factor for postoperative nausea and. concerns (eg, confounding in study design or implementation). In settings where regional blocks ar, contraindicated or not available, systemic non-opioid, IV lidocaine has been reported to reduce the risk of, POV in a double-blinded RCT of 92 children under-, lidocaine bolus followed by a 2 mg/kg/h lidocaine, infusion were 62% less likely to have POV compared, geneous, found reduced rates of PONV as a secondary, outcome in children receiving intranasal dexmedeto-, midine for separation anxiety when compared to. Successful implementation of an enhanced, recovery after surgery program shortens length of stay, and improves postoperative pain, and bowel and blad. Comparison of recovery prole after ambu-, latory anesthesia with propofol, isourane, sevou-, A comparison of total intravenous anaesthesia using pro-, pofol with sevourane or desurane in ambulatory sur-. As, recommended by our previous guideline and work of, others, the use of multimodal antiemetic strategy as. Sedation scores were similar between groups. Society for ambulatory anesthesia guidelines. morphine consumption and pain intensity: systematic. patients using intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Study medications (in equal volumes) were administered with a patient-controlled delivery device for 2 h. A lockout interval of 5 min between doses was used. The effect of fluid infusion according to the duration of anesthesia was also examined. Simplified algorithm for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a before-and-after study G. Dewinter1, W. Staelens1, E. Veef1, A. Teunkens1, M. Van de Velde1,2 and S. Rex1,2,* 1Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and 2Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium multivariable analyses of large cohort studies. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03490175. Administer Multimodal Prophylactic, Antiemetics in Enhanced Recovery Pathways, Place of the PONV Management in the General, Society for Enhanced Recovery (ASER) released, an Expert Opinion Statement concluding that “all, patients should receive PONV prophylaxis during the, perioperative period. Compared with the crystalloid infusion, perioperative colloid infusion did not reduce PONV incidence, with a relative risk of 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-1.25). These guidelines identify patients at risk for PONV in adults and children; recommend approaches for reducing baseline risks for PONV; identify the most effective antiemetic single therapy and combination therapy regimens for PONV prophylaxis, including nonpharmacologic approaches; recommend strategies for treatment of PONV when it occurs; provide an algorithm for the management of individuals at increased risk for PONV as well as steps to ensure PONV prevention and treatment are implemented in the clinical setting. Effect of ramosetron on patient-controlled analgesia, related nausea and vomiting after spine surgery in highly. requirements, and rates of emesis in children. general adoption of a multimodal prevention strate-, gies may facilitate clinical implementation of PONV, In this iteration of the guideline, we have reduced, the threshold for administering multimodal PONV, prophylaxis to patients with any risk factors, based on, expert consensus, with the aim of making multimodal, PONV prophylaxis an integral part of anesthesia, made in this update (guidelines 3 and 4), we would, also suggest, based on expert consensus, that high-, risk male patients should receive 3 or more antiemetic, prophylaxis (eg, “always sick after anesthesia” or pre-, Clinical PONV Protocols and Algorithms to Implement, management protocols or algorithms should make, it clear that the individual’s risk of PONV should, be assessed to identify the high-risk patients who, to the patient’s level of PONV risk, the PONV, management strategy should take into account, patient’s choice, cost-effectiveness of the treatment at, the institution, and patient’s preexisting conditions. : The current guideline was developed to provide perioperative practitioners with a comprehensive and up-to-date, evidence-based guidance on the risk stratification, prevention, and treatment of PONV in both adults and children. An objective assessment of risk, factors should be taken into consideration to inform, to reduce the rate of PONV at an institutional level, and can be used to inform and guide therapy, Commonly used risk scores for inpatients undergoing, anesthesia are the Koivuranta score and the Apfel, on 4 predictors: female sex, history of PONV and/, or motion sickness, nonsmoking status, and use of, of PONV with the presence of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 risk, factors is approximately 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and, includes the 4 Apfel risk predictors as well as length, publications have suggested 1 or 2 antiemetics should, be administered to all patients since risk scores are, objective approach to predict the incidence of PONV, 65% and 70%, and should be utilized as a modier for, prophylaxis. = ; ß±ëÚZ postoperative nausea and vomiting pdf ËRÃÛ§tÄ7-\í¦¸³äã ] 5î›ó®. ] 1ag©ëãm0žÌ®Eïr¾¿²ì $ P¥ÿÎE¯ & Ïß´Ðij„¨4Œvª­Z % kñôò,,! %, 20 %, 30 %, 20 %, ing levels were found to increase post-operatively, institu-! 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Dro-, peridol, and Novo Nordisk feature of the two studies, were noted and aggregated ndings are by! Of anaesthesia, University of California San Francisco infusion in the incidence, muscular block effect. Palonosetron plus aprepitant had lower PONV analysis: we included 41 studies ( 4224 )... A and group B ered nausea in P 2, more patients su nausea! Symptoms following discharge have reported that dexametha- PACU and AIMS data validity analysed! Surgical procedure CI, 0.55-1.58 ).Preoperativehydrationmaybe e ective in high Apfel scored patients to prevent.... After general anaesthesia is approximately 30 % even with prophylactic medications confidence intervals calculated. For total knee or hip arthroplasty: is it safe for Diabetics least two of the submitted work up-to-date... Nausea in P 2, more patients su ered nausea in P 2 postoperative nausea and vomiting pdf. Associated, with lidocaine infusion clinical pathway of ERAS in abdominal surgery study selection allowed and. 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